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General analysis (single portion of urine)

General analysis (single portion of urine)

Photo of Alla Pavlivna Dzhuraieva Author Alla Pavlivna Dzhuraieva General practitioner. Specialist in palliative and hospice care
updated 28 March 2025 3 min read
Reviewed by Mershavka Nadezhda Vladimirovna, Medical business updated: 28 March 2025
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  1. On the eve of the test, it is not recommended to eat vegetables and fruits that can change the colour of urine (beets, carrots, etc.), and do not take diuretics.
  2. It is not recommended for women to take a urine test during menstruation.
  3. Urine collection is mandatory before various endourethral and endovesical examinations and procedures. After cystoscopy, urine analysis can be prescribed no earlier than 5-7 days later.
  4. Before collecting urine, you should perform a thorough hygienic genital toilet and then dry yourself with a clean towel.
  5. Immediately after sleeping, after the external genitalia toilet, collect an average portion of urine (50-100 ml) with free urination.
  6. The lid of the container is carefully screwed on, and the container must be labelled: Patient's name, specimen number (the data must correspond to the data specified in the referral form).
  7. The container with urine is stored at a temperature of +4°C - +8°C until transfer to the laboratory.
  8. Delivery to the Laboratory on the day of biomaterial collection before 14.00.

Biochemical analysis of daily urine

  1. On the eve of the test, it is not recommended to eat vegetables and fruits that can change the colour of urine (beets, carrots, etc.), and do not take diuretics.
  2. It is not recommended for women to take a urine test during menstruation.
  3. Urine collection is mandatory before various endourethral and endovesical examinations and procedures. After cystoscopy, urine analysis can be prescribed no earlier than 5-7 days later.
  4. When testing catecholamines, do not use drugs containing rauwolfia, theophylline, nitroglycerin, caffeine for 3 days. If possible, do not consume foods containing serotonin (chocolate, cheeses, dairy products, bananas), alcohol. Avoid physical exertion, stress, smoking, and painful influences that can cause a physiological increase in catecholamine levels.
  5. Prepare a special 3 litre container for collecting daily urine the day before.
  6. Attention: for catecholamine analysis, pour a preservative from a small bottle (acid is not recommended for use) into the bottom of a clean 3-litre container into which urine will be collected.
  7. Collect all urine portions during the day in a container with a preservative.
  8. Before collecting urine, perform a thorough hygienic genital wash and then dry yourself with a clean towel.
  9. At 07:00, empty the bladder but do not collect urine and record the time. Collect subsequent portions in the same container. For better preservation, store the urine in a refrigerator (+4°C - +8°C) during the entire collection period. The last portion of urine is collected at 07:00 the next day (after a thorough hygienic genital toilet).
  10. Mix the urine collected during the day and measure the total volume, write this figure (in millilitres).
  11. Take 50-100 ml into a dry, clean plastic or glass container with a screw cap.
  12. The lid of the container should be screwed on carefully, and the container should be labelled: Patient's name, specimen number (the data must correspond to the data specified in the referral form).
  13. The volume of daily urine must be indicated in the referral.
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Ultrasound-Guided Blocks — Targeted Pain Relief
Ultrasound-Guided Blocks — Targeted Pain Relief

When medications do not provide sufficient relief and pain interferes with everyday life, an ultrasound-guided therapeutic injection (block) may be one treatment option.

A therapeutic block involves injecting medication into a specific anatomical area to reduce pain and inflammation. The procedure may be used for certain conditions affecting the spine, joints, and periarticular tissues, as well as some nerve-related pain syndromes.

Why Use Ultrasound Guidance?

During the procedure, the physician uses ultrasound imaging to visualize anatomical structures and monitor the position of the needle. Compared with an injection performed without imaging guidance, this allows more precise placement of the medication in the intended area.

Ultrasound guidance helps the physician account for each patient’s individual anatomy and monitor the spread of the medication. However, the suitability and capabilities of the technique depend on the specific treatment area, and the procedure does not guarantee complete pain relief.

Ultrasound or X-Ray Guidance?

X-ray guidance is widely used for certain interventional procedures, particularly when the needle position must be monitored in relation to bony structures or when specialized spinal procedures are performed.

Ultrasound guidance can also be used for a range of therapeutic blocks. It does not involve ionizing radiation and often does not require the more complex arrangements associated with performing a procedure in an operating room.

Another advantage is accessibility. In appropriate clinical situations, an ultrasound-guided block may be more affordable and easier to arrange. The choice of guidance technique depends not only on cost but, above all, on the diagnosis and the precision and safety required for the procedure.

How Is the Procedure Performed?

1.    Medical consultation. The physician discusses the nature of the pain, performs a physical examination, and reviews the results of previous investigations.

2.    Assessment of indications. The physician determines whether a block may be beneficial in the individual case and whether ultrasound guidance is appropriate.

3.    Performing the block. Using ultrasound guidance, the physician identifies the target area and monitors needle placement and medication delivery.

Depending on the planned procedure, MRI, CT, or X-ray images may be needed for treatment planning.

Who May Benefit from an Ultrasound-Guided Block?

The procedure may be considered for certain types of pain affecting the back, neck, joints, and surrounding soft tissues when medically indicated.

A block does not address every cause of pain and is not a substitute for comprehensive treatment. When appropriate, it may be combined with medication, therapeutic exercise, and rehabilitation.

Not sure whether a block is right for you? Book a consultation. The physician will assess the cause of your pain, review your existing test results, and determine whether an ultrasound-guided block is an appropriate treatment option for your individual situation.

Author: Ivan Berezutskyi, Neurologist, Vestibular Specialist, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Physician, Reflexotherapist.

Reviewer: Viktoriia Zyma, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Physician.