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Main Signs of GERD
Depending on the stage, GERD can be asymptomatic or present with prominent clinical signs. Specialists divide the symptoms of the disease into esophageal, extra-esophageal, and "red flag" symptoms.
The main esophageal signs of GERD include:
- Heartburn;
- Reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus after eating (belching).
These symptoms tend to worsen with physical exertion and changes in body position.
Extra-esophageal signs include:
- Hoarseness (more pronounced in the morning, after prolonged exposure of stomach acid to the vocal cords);
- Cough;
- Wheezing (bronchial spasm due to stomach acid entering the bronchial tree);
- Retrosternal pain (irritation of pain receptors).
"Red flag" symptoms indicate severe complications of GERD that require immediate diagnosis and treatment, including:
- Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing);
- Odynophagia (painful swallowing);
- Sudden weight loss;
- Esophageal bleeding.



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